Profile of Robert Koch, Founder of Modern Bacteriology

The German physician  Robert Koch (December 11, 1843 — May 27, 1910) is considered the father of modern bacteriology for his work  demonstrating that specific microbes are responsible for causing specific diseases. Koch discovered the life cycle of the bacteria responsible for anthrax and identified the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and cholera. Fast Facts: Robert Koch Nickname: Father of Modern BacteriologyOccupation: PhysicianBorn: December 11, 1843 in Clausthal, GermanyDied: May 27, 1910 in Baden-Baden, GermanyParents: Hermann Koch and Mathilde Julie Henriette BiewandEducation: University of Gà ¶ttingen (M.D.)Published Works: Investigations into the Etiology of Traumatic Infective Diseases (1877)Key Accomplishments: Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1905)Spouse(s): Emmy Fraatz (m. 1867–1893), Hedwig Freiberg (m. 1893–1910)Child: Gertrude Koch Early Years Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch was born December 11, 1843 in the German town of Clausthal. His parents, Hermann Koch and Mathilde Julie Henriette Biewand, had thirteen children. Robert was the third child and the oldest surviving son. Even as a child, Koch demonstrated a love of nature and showed a high degree of intelligence. He reportedly taught himself to read at the age of five. Koch became interested in biology in high school and entered the University of Gà ¶ttingen in 1862, where he studied medicine. While in medical school, Koch was highly influenced by his anatomy instructor Jacob Henle, who had  published a work in 1840 proposing that microorganisms are responsible for causing infectious disease. Career and Research Upon earning his medical degree  with high honors from the University of Gà ¶ttingen in 1866, Koch practiced privately for a while in the town of Langenhagen and later in Rakwitz. In 1870, Koch voluntarily enlisted in the German military during the Franco-Prussian War. He served as a doctor in a battlefield hospital treating wounded soldiers. Two years later, Koch became the District Medical Officer for the city of Wollstein. He would hold this position from 1872 to 1880. Koch was later appointed to the Imperial Health Office in Berlin, a position he held from 1880 to 1885. During his time in Wollstein and Berlin, Koch began his laboratory investigations of bacterial pathogens that would bring him national and world-wide recognition. Anthrax Life Cycle Discovery Robert Kochs anthrax research was the first to demonstrate that a specific infectious disease was caused by a specific microbe. Koch gained insight from prominent scientific researchers of his time, such as Jacob Henle, Louis Pasteur, and Casimir Joseph Davaine. Work by Davaine indicated that animals with anthrax contained microbes in their blood. When healthy animals were inoculated with the blood of infected animals, the healthy animals became diseased. Davaine postulated that anthrax must be caused by the blood microbes. Robert Koch took this investigation further by obtaining pure anthrax cultures and identifying bacterial spores  (also called  endospores). These resistant cells can survive for years under harsh conditions such as high temperatures, dryness, and the presence of toxic enzymes or chemicals. The spores remain dormant until conditions become favorable for them to develop into vegetative (actively growing) cells capable of causing disease. As a result of Kochs research, the life cycle of the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) was identified. Laboratory Research Techniques Robert Kochs research led  to the development and refinement of a number of laboratory techniques that are still in use today. In order for Koch to obtain pure bacterial cultures for study, he had to find a suitable medium on which to grow the microbes. He perfected a method for turning a liquid medium (culture broth) into a solid medium by mixing it with agar. The agar gel medium was ideal for growing pure cultures as it was transparent, remained solid at body temperature (37 °C / 98.6 °F), and bacteria did not use it as a food source. An assistant of Koch, Julius Petri, developed a special plate called a Petri dish for holding the solid growth medium. Additionally, Koch refined techniques for preparing bacteria for microscope viewing. He developed glass slides and cover slips as well as methods for heat fixing and staining bacteria with dyes in order to improve visibility. He also developed techniques for the use of steam sterilization and methods for photographing (micro-photography) bacteria and other microbes. Koch's Postulates Koch published Investigations into the Etiology of Traumatic Infective Diseases  in 1877. In it, he outlined procedures for obtaining pure cultures and bacteria isolation methods. Koch also developed guidelines or postulates for determining that a particular disease is due to a specific microbe. These postulates were developed during Kochs study of anthrax and outlined four basic principles that apply when establishing the causative agent of an infectious disease: The suspected microbe must be found in all instances of the disease, but not in healthy animals.The suspected microbe must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture.When a healthy animal is inoculated with the suspected microbe, the disease must develop.The microbe must be isolated from the inoculated animal, grown in pure culture, and be identical to the microbe obtained from the original diseased animal. Tuberculosis and Cholera Bacteria Identification By 1881, Koch had set his sights on identifying the microbe responsible for causing the deadly disease tuberculosis. While other researchers had been able to demonstrate that tuberculosis was caused by a microorganism, no one had been able to stain or identify the microbe. Using modified staining techniques, Koch was able to isolate and identify the responsible bacteria:  Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Koch announced his discovery in March of 1882 at the Berlin Psychological Society. News of the discovery spread, quickly reaching the United States by April of 1882. This discovery brought Koch world-wide notoriety and acclaim. Next, as the head of the German Cholera Commission in 1883, Koch began investigating  cholera  outbreaks in Egypt and India. By 1884, he had isolated and identified the causative agent of cholera as  Vibrio cholerae. Koch also developed methods for controlling cholera epidemics that serve as the basis for modern day standards of control. In 1890, Koch claimed to have discovered a cure for tuberculosis, a substance he called tuberculin. Although tuberculin turned out  not to be a cure, Kochs work with tuberculosis earned him the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905. Death and Legacy Robert Koch continued his investigative research into infectious diseases until his health began to fail in his early sixties. A few years prior to his death, Koch suffered a heart attack brought on by heart disease. On May 27, 1910, Robert Koch died in Baden-Baden, Germany at the age of 66. Robert Kochs contributions to microbiology and bacteriology have had a major impact on modern scientific research practices and the study of infectious diseases. His work helped to establish the germ theory of disease as well as to refute spontaneous generation. Kochs laboratory techniques and sanitation methods serve as the foundation for modern day methods for microbe identification and disease control. Sources Adler, Richard. Robert Koch and American Bacteriology. McFarland, 2016. Chung, King-thom, and Jong-kang Liu. Pioneers In Microbiology: The Human Side Of Science. World Scientific, 2017. Robert Koch - Biographical. Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, 2014, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html. Robert Koch Scientific Works. Robert Koch Institute, www.rki.de/EN/Content/Institute/History/rk_node_en.html. Sakula, Alex. Robert Koch: Centenary of the Discovery of the Tubercle Bacillus, 1882. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 1983, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1790283/.

Plagiarism Prevention Service At Bbworld Boston - 1153 Words

General 1) Are you launching a plagiarism prevention service? Yes - as part of the Blackboard Beyond Initiative, Blackboard announced the availability of a plagiarism prevention service at BbWorld Boston on July 10, 2007. All Blackboard ® clients with Enterprise licenses of the Blackboard Learning System will have access to this new service. 2) What is SafeAssign? SafeAssign is a plagiarism prevention service, offered by Blackboard to its Blackboard Learning System, Enterprise, Vista Enterprise, and CE Enterprise License clients. This service helps educators prevent plagiarism by detecting unoriginal content in student papers. In addition to acting as a plagiarism deterrent, it also has features designed to aid in educating students about plagiarism and the importance of proper attribution of any borrowed content. SafeAssign is a part of the Blackboard Beyond family and is centrally hosted by Blackboard, like the rest of the Beyond products and services. Although it is a new Blackboard service, it is based on a mature and proven technology that Blackboard acquired from Sciworth Inc. (MyDropBox) and enhanced to offer even better stability, performance, and integration with other Blackboard products. 3) How does the tool work? SafeAssign can be used in two ways. Instructors can set up SafeAssignments in their courses on Blackboard and let students submit papers to complete these assignments, in a way very similar to the one provided currently by Blackboard

The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ Chapter 9 Free Essays

‘If you believe my sins are forgiven,’ she said, ‘please heal me.’ Christ turned his head away, and then looked back at her and said, ‘Your sins are forgiven.’ ‘Must I believe that too?’ ‘Yes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I must believe it, and you must believe it.’ ‘Tell me again.’ ‘Your sins are forgiven. Truly.’ ‘How will I know?’ ‘You must have faith.’ ‘If I have faith, will I be healed?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘I will have faith, if you do, sir.’ ‘I do.’ ‘Tell me once more.’ ‘I have said it†¦ Very well: your sins are forgiven.’ ‘And yet I’m not healed,’ she said. She closed her robe. Christ said, ‘And I am not my brother. Didn’t I tell you that? Why did you ask me to heal you, if you knew I was not Jesus? Did I ever claim to be able to heal you? I said to you â€Å"Your sins are forgiven.† If you don’t have sufficient faith after you’ve heard that, the fault is yours.’ The woman turned away and faced the wall, and drew her robe over her head. Christ left her house. He was ashamed, and he went out of the town and climbed to a quiet place among the rocks, and prayed that his own sins might be forgiven. He wept a little. He was afraid the angel might come to him, and he hid all night. The Wise and Foolish Girls Now the time of the Passover was getting close, and this prompted the people who listened to Jesus to ask about the Kingdom again: when will it come? How will we know it? What should we do to be ready for it? ‘It’ll be like this,’ he told them. ‘There was a wedding, and ten girls took their lamps and went to meet the bridegroom and welcome him to the banquet. Now five of them took their lamps and nothing else, no spare oil, but the other five were a bit cleverer than that, and they brought some flasks of oil with them. ‘Well, the bridegroom was delayed, and time went past, and all of the girls began to feel drowsy and closed their eyes. ‘Then at midnight there was a cry: â€Å"He’s coming! The bridegroom is here!† ‘The girls woke up at once and started trimming their lamps. You can see what happened next: the foolish ones discovered that their oil had run out. ‘†Give us some of your oil!† they said to the others. â€Å"Look, our lamps are going out!† ‘And two of the far-seeing ones shared their oil with two of the foolish ones, and all four were admitted to the banquet. Two of the clever ones refused, and the bridegroom shut them out, together with two more foolish ones. ‘But the last wise girl said, â€Å"Lord, we have come to celebrate your wedding, even the least of us. If you won’t let us all in, I would rather stay outside with my sisters, even when the last of my oil is gone.† ‘And for her sake the bridegroom opened the doors of the banquet and admitted them all. Now, where was the Kingdom of heaven? Inside the bridegroom’s house? Is that what you think? No, it was outside in the dark with the wise girl and her sisters, even when the last of her oil was gone.’ Christ wrote down every word, but he resolved to improve the story later. The Stranger Talks of Abraham and Issac Next time the angel came, Christ was in Jericho. He was following Jesus and his disciples as they made their way to Jerusalem for the Passover. Jesus was staying in the house of one of his followers, but Christ had taken a room in a tavern not far away. At midnight he went outside to use the privy. When he turned to go back inside he felt a hand on his shoulder, and knew at once that it was the stranger. ‘Events are moving quickly now,’ the stranger said. ‘We must talk about something important. Take me to your room.’ Once inside, Christ lit the lamp and gathered up the scrolls he had filled. ‘Sir, what do you do with these scrolls?’ he said. ‘I take them to a place of great safety.’ ‘Will I be able to see them again? I may need to edit and correct the entries, in the light of what I have since learned about truth and history.’ ‘There will be an opportunity for that, never fear. Now tell me about your brother. What is his mood as he gets closer to Jerusalem?’ ‘He seems serene and confident, sir. I wouldn’t say that has changed at all.’ ‘Does he speak of what he expects to happen there?’ ‘Only that the Kingdom will come very soon. Perhaps it will come when he is in the temple.’ ‘And the disciples? How is your informant? Is he still close to Jesus?’ ‘I would say he is in the very best position. He is not the closest or the most favoured ?C Peter and James and John are the men Jesus speaks to most confidentially ?C but my informant is securely among the middle-ranking followers. His reports are full and trustworthy. I have checked them.’ ‘We must think about rewarding him at some stage. But now I want to talk to you about something difficult.’ ‘I am ready, sir.’ ‘You and I know that for the Kingdom to flourish, it needs a body of men, and women too, both Jews and Gentiles, faithful followers under the guidance of men of authority and wisdom. And this church ?C we can call it a church ?C will need men of formidable organisational powers and deep intellectual penetration, both to conceive and develop the structure of the body and to formulate the doctrines that will hold it together. There are such men, and they are ready and waiting. The church will not lack organisation and doctrine. ‘But you will remember, my dear Christ, the story of Abraham and Isaac. God sets his people severe tests. How many men of today would be ready to act like Abraham, prepared to sacrifice his son because the Lord had told him to? How many would be like Isaac, ready to do as his father told him and hold out his hands to be bound, and lie down on the altar, and wait peaceably for the knife in the serene confidence of righteousness?’ ‘I would,’ said Christ at once. ‘If that is what God wants, I would do that. If it would serve the Kingdom, yes, I would. If it would serve my brother, yes, yes, I would.’ He spoke eagerly, because he knew that this would give him the chance to atone for his failure to heal the woman with the cancer. It was his faith that had been insufficient, not hers; he had spoken harshly to her, and he still felt ashamed. ‘You are devoted to your brother,’ said the stranger. ‘Yes. Everything I do is for him, though he doesn’t know it. I have been shaping the history especially to magnify his name.’ ‘Don’t forget what I told you when we first spoke: your name will shine as greatly as his.’ ‘I don’t think of that.’ ‘No, but it may give you comfort to think that others do, and are working to make sure it comes about.’ ‘Others? There are others besides you, sir?’ ‘A legion. And it will come to happen, have no fear about that. But before I go, let me ask you again: do you understand how it might be necessary for one man to die so that many can live?’ ‘No, I don’t understand it, but I accept it. If it is God’s will, I accept it, even if it’s impossible to understand. The story doesn’t say whether Abraham and Isaac understood what they had to do, but they didn’t hesitate to do it.’ ‘Remember your words,’ said the angel. ‘We shall talk again in Jerusalem.’ He kissed Christ on the brow before leaving with the scrolls. Jesus Rides into Jerusalem Next day, Jesus and his followers prepared to leave for Jerusalem. Word had spread that he was coming, and many people came to see him and welcome him on his way to the city, because his fame was now so widespread. The priests and the scribes, of course, had been aware of him for some time, and they didn’t know how best to react. It was a difficult matter for them: should they endorse him and hope to share his popularity, at the cost of not knowing what he would do next? Or should they condemn him, and risk offending the people who supported him in such numbers? They resolved to watch closely, and to test him whenever they saw the chance. Jesus and his disciples had reached Bethphage, near a place called the Mount of Olives, when he told them to stop and rest. He sent two of the disciples to find a beast for him to ride on, because he was tired. All they could find was the foal of a donkey, and when the owner heard who it was for, he refused any payment. The disciples spread their cloaks on the donkey and Jesus rode it into Jerusalem. The streets were thronged with people curious to see him, or eager to welcome him. Christ was among the crowd, watching everything, and he saw how one or two people had cut palm branches to wave; he was already composing the account of the scene in his mind. Jesus was calm and unaffected by the clamour, and acknowledged all the questions that people called out without answering any of them: ‘Are you going to preach here, master?’ ‘Are you going to heal?’ ‘What are you going to do, Lord?’ ‘Will you go to the temple?’ ‘Have you come to speak to the priests?’ ‘Are you going to fight the Romans?’ ‘Master, will you heal my son?’ The disciples cleared a way to the house where he was going to stay, and presently the crowd dispersed. How to cite The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ Chapter 9, Essay examples

Carbon Tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme

Questions: 1. Critically evaluate the key arguments for and against the carbon tax. Using demand and supply analysis Illustrate how a carbon tax is expected to impact on the market price and quantity traded for a product that creates significant pollution during production?2. One of Australias largest exports is coal, the burning of which emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Using the economic concepts and models introduced in this unit, explain the key differences between a carbon tax and an emissions trading scheme? Answers: 1. Critical evaluation of carbon tax Introduction: From ancient period of time coal has been considered one of the primary things which can be used as fuel. In recent time there are many other alternatives has been invented with the development of the present era. Burning of coals creates a huge quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is affecting the climate very badly. For that reason in recent time it has become a major concern for the government. Carbon pricing has become the centre for the government policies as to climate change. It signifies that the polluter has to pay for per tonne of carbon which has been released by him in the atmosphere. Experts and many politicians consider this as carbon tax. In the year 2011 the cost was set at $23 and which has been gradually increased till this year. In the trading scheme cost is to be set by the market. This concept is recognized as the most effective idea to diminish carbon output and to control climate change (Carbontax.net.au, 2011). Arguments in favor of carbon tax: Imposing tax on releasing carbon in atmosphere will reduce the use of coal; subsequently it will also reduce the quantity of carbon in the air. Carbon dioxide changing the climate rapidly and earth is getting destroyed by climate change, it can be considered as a global issue. Climate change is affecting seasons, the biggest illustration of this, is hottest year of Australia on record. NSW has acknowledged the increasing temperature in winter season too(Postmes, 2015). In a survey it is observed that a vast number of animals are suffering from this changing behavior of seasons as well as change of climate. In Australia, mining conditions are very harsh for the companies. Carbon tax not only reduces climate change and use of coals but it also helps the government to earn more revenue (Schiermeier, 2014). This imposition has emit 2500 tonnes carbon dioxide per annum. This concept will help to grow the idea of sustainable energy. This step will enhance the scope of economic opportunitie s which may stem from global development, that will be motorized as to clean energy (Lund, 2015). In this present era, solar energies are more preferable than coal energy as solar energy does diminish the quality of climate as well as the human society(Symposium: SOLAR CELLS SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS, 2005). Carbon tax is not applicable upon all the energy resource; it will be applicable only on those resources which are harmful for the climate and also for the human society. This is rule is not applicable on the use of coal for the agriculture and transportation purpose. Electricity generation companies in Australia are mostly affected by this rule (Characterization of coal and coal by-products, 2002). Arguments against carbon tax: On 17th July, 2014, the legislations enacted for enforcing carbon tax has been repealed by the appropriate legislatures. The legislations which are repealed in relation to carbon tax those are: Clean Energy Legislation (Carbon Tax Repeal) Act 2014 Customs Tariff Amendment (Carbon Tax Repeal) Act 2014 Excise Tariff Amendment (Carbon Tax Repeal) Act 2013 2014 Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas (Import Levy) Amendment (Carbon Tax Repeal) Act 2014 Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas (Manufacture Levy) Amendment (Carbon Tax Repeal) Act 2014 True-up Shortfall Levy (Excise) (Carbon Tax Repeal) Act 2014 True-up Shortfall Levy (General) (Carbon Tax Repeal) Act 2014 Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas (Import Levy) (Transitional Provisions) Act 2014. Main objects behind the amendment of the statutes imposing carbon tax are: Reduce the cost of retail electricity by 9% and the cost of retail gas by 7% (Heine, Norregaard and Parry, 2012). Lower annual cost of ongoing compliance $90 million per annum (Robson, 2014). To boost economic growth of Australia. Condense cost of living. Promote more industrialization. Increase employment in the industrial sector. Demand and supply aspect: Imposition of carbon tax upon the individuals and industries affect the demand and supply of the coal. Strict imposition of carbon tax rule decrease the demand of the coal, as every tonne of carbon dioxide releasing in air is incurring a cost. While removal of carbon tax rule increases the demand of the coal is impliedly it reduces the cost of the product. When demand of a particular product is affected then supply of that product shall also be affected as these two are co-lateral. Conclusion: From the above discussion, depending upon various statistics it can be considered that carbon tax in required for the improvement of the social phenomena and for the development of the environment as releasing of carbon in the atmosphere reduces the quality of environment to a dangerous level, it also affecting the life of human society and other living creatures too. Imposition of carbon tax also enhances the revenue sector of the concern government but in present era it is not possible to avoid the use of coal, as it is the basic requirement for industry and it has to be accepted that still there no such alternative of coal is available, which can be afforded by the general peoples. 2. Differences between a carbon tax and an emissions trading scheme The term carbon tax means the proposed policy of the Australian government in relation to carbon pricing. This concept has been criticized by the opposition as well as the government. It is very uneven as it is not a tax actually. Emission trading scheme means emitters will hold a permit to emit each tonne of carbon dioxide. If any emitter would like to emit a certain amount of coal then that emitter must obtain a prior permit from the appropriate authority. If the emitters do not hold the permit then they have cut back their emission or buy a permit from another emitter, who has to cut back their emission then. The price is not actually causes the cut in emission at overall. The level of emission is determined by the cap, and the price is caused by the requirement of cut in emission. It means the cost of emission is impliedly imposed upon the price of the permit of emission. Permit has the actual value as it renders the permission of emission. Carbon tax is directly imposed upon the emitters while emission of trading scheme impliedly renders the cost of emission upon the emitters. Emission of trading scheme cut back the emission while carbon tax does not cut back, it determines the level of emission. The government has realized that carbon tax is very strict in nature and it also not falling within the scope of tax, for that reason the government has to introduce the carbon pricing in a different manner, emission trading scheme has been introduced by the government and all the statutory provisions related to carbon tax has been repealed. From house hold perspective, the carbon tax rule will affect the household budget of a common man in a noticeable mark but introduction of emission trading scheme not only reduce the previous household expenses but it also make an impact in the entire segment. Households are not liable to pay for permit of emission directly but they have to make an indirect way of payment in lieu of business pass in the higher cost they face. If the government would have imposed carbon tax then household level results would not have been dissimilar. They had to face higher prices in respect of the higher costs. It could be possible to reduce the burden of taxes from the shoulder of common household purpose, just like the execution of emission trading scheme but it is in an implied way. The proposed system of carbon tax is factually incorrect. The opposition used to call it a tax as people dislike any kind of tax. But it was odd that the government also adapted the same idiom. The proposed initiative of the government was not tax this time, it was emission trading scheme with a predetermined penalty. Imposition of carbon tax has been considered as the inducement to reduce pollution, doing that would cost less than paying tax. The cost of tax was associated with the unit of pollution or damage and it was also associated with the cost of controlling the damage. The quantity of pollution depends upon the level of imposed tax. It become a bitter dish for the household works, it opt to paying tax and continue polluting. As per the impact of industrialization taxation on releasing carbon dioxide become difficult for the governing bodies, in such situation the government had to adapt some new measures for accomplish their targets in respect of the pollution controlling. The main difference among these two policies is the way of distributing the cost of pollution towards reducing the increasing level of pollution which is happening from dilution of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. With cap-trade, quite often, the permits were given out at free of cost in the initial stage, which was known as grandfathering. It was done as the organizations had to buy permits at extra cost from other firms. This approach was initially famous as far as industrialization is concern. Most of the emission used to be done by the industrial organization but making general rules also affects the common people. So, emission trading scheme was quite impressive as it mainly targets the trading organizations. Auctioning emission permits not only enhance the government revenue but it also helps to reduce other taxes. From the above differentiate discussion it can be summarized that carbon tax was a primary initiation to reduce pollution which happens from carbon dioxide but these concept was not a comprehensive one for accepting in general, for that purpose the initiation for reducing the pollution has to be made in a comprehensive manner, then the concept of Emission Trading Scheme has been introduced. References Carbontax.net.au, (2015).Carbon Tax | The Facts about the Carbon Tax. [online] Available at: https://www.carbontax.net.au [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Characterization of coal and coal by-products. (2002).Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 43(1), p.3. Heine, D., Norregaard, J. and Parry, I. (2012).Environmental tax reform. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund. Lund, P. (2015). Clean energy systems as mainstream energy options.International Journal of Energy Research, p.n/a-n/a. Postmes, T. (2015). Psychology: Climate change and group dynamics.Nature Climate change. Robson, A. (2014). Australia's Carbon Tax: An Economic Evaluation.Economic Affairs, 34(1), pp.35-45. Schiermeier, Q. (2014). Anger as Australia dumps carbon tax.Nature, 511(7510), pp.392-392. Symposium: Solar Cells Solar Energy Materials. (2005).Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells.